Regular monitoring with positron emission tomography (PET) scanning – which detects changes in the function of cells – achieves earlier detection of recurrences of colorectal cancer than conventional scanning that simply looks at the structure of body tissues, a prospective study has shown.

Colorectal cancer – cancer affecting the lower part of the digestive tract – is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. Most people newly diagnosed with the disease undergo surgery to completely remove their tumour. However, approximately half of people who have curative surgery go on to develop recurrent disease. The median survival after surgery is two years. Adjuvant chemotherapy – anticancer drug treatment given just after surgery – improves the prognosis, but one-third of patients having this treatment still suffer a recurrence within two years after surgery.

Surgery to remove metastases in the liver or lung in people who have a recurrence of colorectal cancer improves survival so that 35-40% are alive after five years. This means that it is very important to follow up patients with colorectal cancer regularly to detect recurrence as early as possible so that tumour tissue can be removed and their chances of survival improved. Most people have regular clinical examinations and computed tomography (CT) scans, which provide detailed images of structures inside the body, to look for signs of recurrence.

French researchers carried out a study to see if functional positron emission tomography (PET) imaging – looking at the function of body cells by measuring their use of a radio-labelled isotope of glucose (18fluorodeoxyglucose, 18FDG) – could detect recurrences of colorectal cancer earlier than CT imaging. They randomly allocated 130 patients who had undergone curative surgery for colorectal cancer followed by chemotherapy to regular follow-up with conventional tests or with PET scans.

All the patients had six follow-up appointments, starting from the ninth month after their initial surgery and continuing to 24 months or their death. They had a physical examination, measurement of biological markers for cancer, an ultrasound scan every three months (replaced by abdominal CT scans after 9 and 15 months) and a chest X-ray every six months. Patients in the PET group also had 18FDG-PET scans after 9 and 15 months.

Results showed that recurrence occurred in 46 patients – 25 in the FDG-PET group and 21 in the group having conventional follow-up. Use of PET scans revealed unexpected tumours in a further three patients.

Recurrences were detected after a significantly shorter time with PET scanning (12.1 months, on average) compared with conventional follow-up (15.4 months, P=0.01). Recurrences in the PET group were also more frequently cured by surgery, with 10 patients with recurrence being cured, compared with only two patients in the group not having PET scans.

Professor Iradj Sobhani, Université Paris 12 et Hôpital Henri Mondor, Paris, France, and lead author of the study, commented: “We showed that FDG-PET is a valuable adjunct to conventional follow-up. Using this new follow-up strategy increased the rate of curative resection by allowing us to detect recurrences of colorectal cancer at an earlier stage.” He added: “Regular FDG-PET monitoring in the follow up of colorectal cancer patients may permit the earlier detection of recurrence. We would expect improved patient survival if such as follow-up programme was undertaken.”

PET scanners have now been developed that can detect smaller tumours than the machine used in the French study. The study authors noted that coupled PET and CT scans appears to provide more accurate diagnoses than using the techniques separately. They predicted that using combined PET-CT scans would make it easier to correctly determine the stage of a patient’s cancer, although more research is needed to confirm this.

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Patients with breast cancer who developed anemia during chemotherapy had nearly three times the risk of local recurrence as those who did not, according to a study published in the April 1 issue of Clinical Cancer Research¸ a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

“We speculate that there may be an interaction between chemotherapy/radiotherapy and anemia,” said lead researcher Peter Dubsky, MD, a senior consultant in the department of surgery at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. “Both treatment modalities have been shown to be less effective in anemic patients. Since we do not see the effect in terms of relapse-free survival, the interaction with local adjuvant treatment may play a more important role.”

Dubsky and his colleagues from the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group examined data from a randomized, clinical trial comparing adjuvant hormonal treatment and tamoxifen with the standard treatment of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). All women in the trial were premenopausal and had positive estrogen and/or progesterone receptor status. Patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery received mandatory radiation. Radiation was optional in women who underwent modified radical mastectomy.

For the current analysis, the researchers focused on anemia data from the 424 patients in the CMF arm, as the rates of anemia among those who received the hormonal treatment were low. They examined local relapse-free survival, relapse-free survival and overall survival.

Anemia occurred in 18.2 percent of patients who received CMF chemotherapy. Anemia was defined as an incidence of at least one serum hemoglobin level below 12 g/dL during chemotherapy through the first follow-up date three months after adjuvant treatment concluded.

After a median follow-up of 61 months, 39 local relapses occurred: 6.9 percent in patients without anemia and 19.5 percent in patients with anemia. The 5-year rates of relapse were 8.2 percent among nonanemic patients and 19.6 percent among anemic patients. Patients without anemia experienced a significantly longer local relapse-free survival than patients with anemia, according to the study.

Other factors that significantly increased local relapse-free survival were younger age at diagnosis and negative lymph node status. Any relationship between anemia and tumor size, postoperative radiation or type of surgery did not have an effect on local relapse-free survival, researchers say.

Relapse-free survival did not differ significantly with the presence or absence of anemia. “There seemed to be no difference when distant or contralateral events were part of the analysis,” said Dubsky. “The effect was limited to local recurrences. Any explanation of the limit is pure speculation.”

No difference in overall survival was evident, but Dubsky says he doubted one would be seen given the number of patients and the length of follow-up. Follow-up of 10 to 15 years would be needed to observe any significant differences, he says.

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